Scc Fall 2012 Syllabus English 101

Welcome to English 101! This course is designed to help you attain the critical thinking, reading, and writing skills that are necessary for both academic and professional success. Course Purpose: The five general purposes of this course include teaching: 1. rhetorical and logical principles related to development of significant expository content in intelligently organized essays, paragraphs, and sentences;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. critical reading; 3. acceptable diction and sentence mechanics;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4. the writing process with a focus on prewriting and revision strategies;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5. se of library's research tools and the techniques of the documented paper. Student Learning Outcomes: 1. Use the writing process to compose essays—including research papers in the MLA format—that contain unity, coherence, development, logic, gr ammatical precision, and selection of appropriate sources and their correct use. 2. Analyze written and visual texts for content, structure, rhetorical strategies, visual and written techniques, and grammatical precision. Required Texts: * Cohen, Samuel. 50 Essays: A Portable Anthology. 3rd ed. * Silverman, Jay, Elaine Hughes, and Diana Wienbroer.Customized Version of Rules of Thumb: A Guide for Writers for Santiago Canyon College. 8th ed. * Various essays and short stories that are available online and must be printed Required Materials: Internet and printing access Homework: Your homework assignments (required reading and other) are listed on the course outline. If you miss class however, email a classmate to be sure the homework has not been revised. Whether or not you did your homework will be checked through class discussions, quick writes, and pop quizzes. Homework points are factored into your participation grade. Concept Exams:There will be 4 exams in this course. The conten t will vary but it will always address concepts we’ve gone over in class and the reading assignments. Each exam is worth 25 points. Essays: There are four essays required in this course. Each essay must follow standard MLA guidelines which require the following format: * Your paper must be typed and double-spaced with one-inch margins on each side. * On the first page, you must write your name, my name, course title and date in the top left hand corner. * Your title must be centered. Capitalize principle words. Do not underline, bold-face, italicize, or do anything else to it. You can only use 12-point Calibri. * Your last name and page number must appear on the top right hand corner (header) on each page except the first one. You can refer to the MLA links provided online to find examples of MLA format. Further essay requirements will be elaborated on in class. Each essay is worth 100 points. Essay Revision Policy: You may revise and improve the grade of Essay 1 and Essay 2. However, in order to submit a revision for a better grade, you must do the following: 1) Enroll in Eng N91 and discuss your rough draft with your Writing Center instructor before you submit the essay to me. Provide proof that you have discussed your rough draft with WC instructor. ) 2) Submit your essay on time. No exceptions. 3) After you receive your grade, discuss graded essay with me before or after class so we can discuss your revision plan. 4) Submit the revised essay to me before the revision due date. **Note: If you do not meet all of the above-mentioned criteria, I will not accept your revision. You are responsible to meet all of the criteria and know all relevant due dates (see Course Outline); I will not remind you. Late Policy for Essays: Please submit your essays on time.All of our essays will be submitted online. Be aware that unwanted computer/internet/electronic issues arise and you should allow yourself enough time to deal with such issues should they occur. Critic al Thinking Paragraphs: Nearly each class session you will be given 5-10 minutes to write a paragraph in response to various prompts. Please save all your critical thinking paragraphs. At the end of the semester, I will collect them. These are worth 100 points total. Attendance Policy: You have four excused absences. After that, your grade will be deducted by 25 points.There are no exceptions to this policy. I suggest you reserve your excused absences for emergency situations. Please note that although the first four times you miss class it is â€Å"excused† and no points will be deducted just for being absent, you will not be allowed to make up any points that are earned the day you have missed. (For example, if we take a pop quiz that day for 10 points, you will not be able to make up those points. ) Also, if you are absent, you are responsible to get any material or information you have missed from a classmate or from me during office hours.Do not email me for the material /information. Also, you do not need to email me to let me know you will be absent. And please do not explain to me (via email or in person) why you were absent as you will have 4 excused absences and be penalized thereafter no matter what the circumstance. Tardy Policy: If you are not in class when class begins, you will be considered tardy. If you are more than 20 minutes late you will be considered absent. You will be excused from being tardy thrice; you will be deducted 15 points for each time you are tardy after that. The same policy applies to leaving before the nd of class. Please do not email me to let me know you will be tardy and please do not explain to me why you were late. However, if you have to leave early, I would appreciate you letting me know before class so I do not worry about you when you get up and leave. Make Up Policy: Although your absence may be excused, any exams you need to make up will be deducted by 50%. Participation: Participation is worth 100 points. Your participation grade is based on how much you are contributing to class discussions and if you are contributing to a positive and edifying atmosphere.Every student begins with a 75% (out of 100) in participation. It is up to you to bring that grade up or down throughout the semester. Points are added by behavior such as contributing a relevant comment during the discussion of the reading; points are subtracted by behavior such as playing on your phone during class. Homework points will also be factored into participation. You will see a 75% on your grade in the beginning of the semester and it will not be updated until the end of the semester. If you are unsure about how I perceive your participation in class, you may ask me.Because participation is worth a large amount of points, I encourage you to reflect on your participation. If you do not participate very often, challenge yourself to contribute to class discussions; if you feel that you do more talking than anyone else in t he class, allow room for your classmates to contribute. Please turn your cell phones and other devices to SILENT. If you are caught using your phone in class, 5 points will be deducted from participation grade. If your cell phone rings in class, you must dance in front of class or bring snacks. Or you may choose to have 10 points deducted from your final grade. ) Almost no electronic device use is allowed in class. Participation points will be deducted if you are playing on your laptop, tablet, phone, iPod, or other electronic device in class. The only time using such devices is allowed is when you write your critical thinking paragraphs or when you are copying notes from the white board. Every other time I will assume you are doing things that are not conducive to learning. You are not permitted to take photos or record me, any of your classmates, or my course material without consent.This includes voice and visual recordings, and any other form of privacy or intellectual infringem ent. Please be open-minded, yet truthful, in your participation in class. I do not mind if you do not like a work I have assigned or if your point of view is different from the majority of the class; I simply ask that you share your insight in an intellectual and respectful manner. Email: Check your email. Throughout the semester I will email Eng 101 updates and reminders and it’s your responsibility to check your email for this information.When emailing me please be efficient, clear and respectful as I will be to you. Also please be considerate of how many students email me daily; if you have a question or comment that can be discussed in/before/after class, please wait till then to ask me; if you don’t get a quick reply from me, please be patient and/or consider whether or not your question is already answered in your syllabus or online or has been repeated several times in class. (Note: if you miss class it is not my responsibility to go over everything you missed v ia email. Contact a classmate or visit me during office hours. Grading Matrix: Exams: 100 pts Critical Thinking Paragraphs: 100 pts Essays: 400 pts Participation: 100 pts Pop Quizzes: 0-50 pts Your final points will be converted to a percentage. Your grades will be measured on the simple letter grade system. 100%-89. 5% is an A, 89. 4%-79. 5% is a B, 79. 4%-70% is a C, 69%-60% is a D, and 59% and below is an F. In order to meet the G. E. requirement, you will need to achieve a minimum grade of a â€Å"C† to pass this course. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the unacknowledged and inappropriate use of the ideas or wording of another writer.Because plagiarism corrupts values in which the university community is fundamentally committed – the pursuit of knowledge, intellectual honesty – plagiarism is considered a grave violation of academic integrity and the sanctions against it are correspondingly severe. Plagiarism can be characterized as â€Å"academic theft. † If I discover that you have in fact plagiarized, then you will immediately receive a failing grade for the assignment and possibly for the course. For your writing assignments, you will submit your essays to the anti-plagiarism program called Turnitin. com.To avoid plagiarism, just be certain that everything that you borrow—words or ideas—has been properly documented, using standard MLA form. For more information on Academic Integrity, please visit: http://www. sccollege. edu/Library/Pages/plagiarism. aspx Special Needs Santiago Canyon College is committed to providing reasonable accommodations for students with verifiable disabilities when requested by the student. If you require special services, it is your responsibility to alert your instructors and the Disabled Students Programs and Service (DSPS) as early as possible in the semester, so please let me know if you need assistance.To arrange for services at Santiago Canyon College, contact DSPS by phone: 714. 628. 486 0; 714. 639. 9742 (TTY/TDD- for students who are deaf) or stop by the DSPS Center in room E-105. Emergency Response Please take note of the safety features in and close to our classroom as well as study the posted evacuation route. To report serious crimes or emergencies on campus, please contact the campus safety and Security Office at 714. 628. 4730, located in U-100. Syllabus This syllabus is subject to change. You will always be given a proper announcement and reasonable time to adjust to any changes.The information and policies provided in this syllabus is your course contract. Being registered in this course acknowledges that you accept the terms and conditions listed in the syllabus. Course Outline The course outline includes of list of readings that will be discussed that day (therefore you must read the essay beforehand) and any exams that will be taken or essays that will be due. Because I want to ensure that every assignment is done at an appropriate time, I may (and prob ably will) adjust the schedule throughout the semester.It is your responsibility to account for the changes that I announce in class. Also, as college students, it is your responsibility to be aware of when exams and other assignments take place. I may not (and probably won’t) remind you. Course Outline (Subject to Change) Week 1 8/27: Introduction to English 101 8/29: Bring textbook to class Week 2 9/3: Labor Day-No Class 9/5: Discuss â€Å"The Value of Science† (available online); Discuss â€Å"The Ways We Lie† Week 3 9/10: Discuss â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† 9/12: Discuss â€Å"End of the World,† Bring Thesis to Class Week 4 /17: Essay 1 Rough Draft Due (bring print copy) 9/19: Exam 1 Week 5 9/24: Essay 1 Due; Introduction to Argumentative Unit; Discuss â€Å"Why Don’t We Complain† 9/26: Discuss â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† Week 6 10/1: Working on Essay 2 in class 10/3: Discuss â€Å"No Name Woman† Week 7 10/8: Discuss â€Å"Games† 10/10: Discuss â€Å"On Morality,† Bring Thesis to Class Week 8 10/15: Rough Draft of Essay 2 Due 10/17: Exam 2 Week 9 10/22: Essay 2 Due; Introduction to Literary Analysis; Discuss â€Å"Looking for Work† available online 10/24: Discuss â€Å"Salvation† Week 10 0/29: Discuss â€Å"Shape of the Sword† available online 10/31: Discuss excerpt from Decoded available online Week 11 11/5: Bring outline and thesis to class 11/7: Rough Draft of Essay 3 Due; Exam 3 Week 12 11/12: 11/14: Essay 3 Due; Practice Presentations Week 13 11/19: Essay 3 Class Presentations 11/21: Essay 3 Class Presentations Week 14 11/26: Introduction to Final Unit; Discuss â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† 11/28: In class work and readings Week 15 12/3: In class work and readings 12/5: In class work and readings Week 16 12/10: Exam 4 12/12: Essay 4 Due; Informal presentations of Essay 4

Role of Human Resource

We are currently working in Human Resource department of NP enterprise. Marcus is the Human resource (HR) director. The director’s role is to promote and implement human resource values by planning and managing human resource programs and directing staff. He is responsible for making decisions for the HR department on a strategic level, implementing these strategies, manage operations as the strategy is in action, further improve on the strategy and yield the results. Other responsibilities include supporting and guiding his subordinates, complying with the law, enhancing reputation of the company and department and updating the department with new knowledge wherever possible. I am the manager of the department. In general, a human resource manager has the expertise of HR generalist combined with general business and management skill. One of the most important things a human resources manager does is set policies for hiring and recruitment. I am usually responsible for writing up job postings and advertisements when there are slots to be filled, and may also be responsible for creating new positions when needed. Also, my job is to dictate the company’s interview process, and make decisions with respect to how many candidates are offered interviews and the sort of questions that should be asked. Most of the actual interviewing is left up to others, however, the manager typically meets with the final candidates, and usually has the decisive vote when it comes to hiring decisions — but the work of actually narrowing down the pool is typically the responsibility of lower-ranking HR officers. As NP enterprise is a large organisation, the manager needs to report all the department’s activities to Human resource director. Human resource is an important department in every company/ organisation as we are in charge of managing the organisation’s workforce. The central focus for HR management must be on contributing to organizational success. Key to enhancing organizational performance is ensuring that human resources activities support organizational efforts focusing on improving productivity, service, and quality. To accomplish these goals, HR management is composed of several groups of interlinked activities. Some of the activities are: HR Planning and Analysis Through HR planning, managers attempt to anticipate forces that will influence the future supply of and demand for employees. The importance of human resources in organizational competitiveness must be addressed as well. As part of maintaining organizational competitiveness, HR analysis and assessment of HR effectiveness must occur. Staffing The aim of staffing is to provide an adequate supply of qualified individuals to fill the jobs in an organization. By studying what workers do, job analysis is the foundation for the staffing function. From this, job descriptions and job specifications can be prepared to recruit applicants for job openings. The selection process is concerned with choosing the most qualified individuals to fill jobs in the organization. HR Development Beginning with the orientation of new employees, HR training and development also includes job-skill training. As jobs evolve and change, ongoing retraining is necessary to accommodate technological changes. Encouraging development of all employees, including supervisors and managers, is necessary to prepare organizations for future challenges. Career planning identifies paths and activities for individual employees as they develop within the organization. Assessing how employees perform their jobs is the focus of performance management. Compensation and Benefits Compensation rewards people for performing organizational work through pay. This is to encourage the worker to contribute more for the organisation and also, it helps to strengthen the bond between our organisation and employees. Health, Safety, and Security Through a broader focus on health, HR management can assist employees with substance abuse and other problems through employee assistance programs in order to retain otherwise satisfactory employees. Workplace security has grown in importance, in response to the increasing number of acts of workplace violence. HR management must ensure that managers and employees can work in a safe environment. Management Relations The relationship between managers and their employees must be handled effectively. Employee rights must be addressed. It is important to develop, communicate, and update HR policies and rules so that managers and employees know what is expected. Information owned by the HR department include employee’s personal information and qualification, Also, managing paychecks to employees, managing the company’s taxes, employee’s employment details and contracts, healthcare benefits for employees. All the information will be shared with other departments in the organisation when needed. There is an interaction between HR departments and other departments in the organisation. Interactions include managing the supply of employees for other departments such as assigning the right workers to the right jobs, firing inefficient workers and handing paychecks to the employees of other departments.

Audience Misdirection in Magic Acts

Audience Misdirection in Magic Acts For hundreds of years, magicians have performed acts which are perceived to be impossible, causing the viewer to question how the act was performed. The viewer would generally know that act performed by the magician will use some sort of trickery or illusion, but still viewers are usually unable to detect the change when it occurs, even when the trick is in full view of the audience. Sometimes when a magician performs a magic trick, he uses misdirection to trick the audience. The magician would usually draw your attention elsewhere while the trick is being performed to stop the audience seeing how it is done (Kuhn, Amlani lasting only 15 seconds, where the magician was to drop a lighter and cigarette into his lap without the audience seeing, causing the audience to think the items had magically disappeared. First the magician removes the cigarette from the packet and deliberately puts it in his mouth the wrong way round. He then pretends to light the cigarette, which enhances the a udience’s interest in the mouth/cigarette region. Both magician and the audience then realise the mistake, and the magician turns the cigarette around with his left hand while keeping his gaze fixed on his hand and cigarette. During this time the magician drops the lighter into his lap, which is in his right hand. He then causes attention to go to the disappearance of the lighter by attempting to light the cigarette. When he is unable to light the cigarette, he looks to his right hand, snaps his fingers and waves his hand; pulling the audiences’ attention to his right hand. While the audience are looking at the disappearance of the lighter in the right hand, the magician drops the cigarette from a height of around 15cm. He then turns his gaze to his left hand, and opens it to show that the cigarette is also disappeared. The magician uses gaze direction to disguise his actions while performing the trick (Tatler however the dropping of the cigarette was done in full vie w of the audience, from about 15cm above the table top, but this action is also not usually detected, usually due to gaze misdirection. This shows that the magician successfully misdirected the audience’s overt and covert attention at the correct time during the trick, right when the disappearance occurs.

Critically review the evidence of multi stakeholder governance of the Literature

Critically the evidence of multi stakeholder governance of the sustainability. issue of population and the issue of mega - Literature review Example The largest cities of the world are found to be growing at the fastest pace. However, it has been observed that large cities are not concentrated in the developed nations but mostly in the developing countries of the world. The process of urbanization has resulted in a number of issues associated with most of the mega cities which have been discussed in this study. The issues discussed are mostly related to the various sustainable problems and governance issues faced by the megalopolises of the world. Sustainability and Mega Cities Sustainability development refers to the fulfilment of needs and requirements at present without compromising on the future generations’ ability to satisfy their needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Sustainability is a concept of achieving simultaneously the objectives of an improved environment, a good economy and a society which is more participative in nature. Although the primary context of sustainability is global in n ature, it becomes more meaningful when it is given a global significance through local initiatives and practices. As regards the cities, metabolism can be used as a metaphor to sustainability. A city is adjudged to be more sustainable if it has the ability to reduce its resource inputs in the form of materials, land, water, energy, etc. and waste outputs in the form of air, solid wastes and liquid and at the same time has the capacity to bring about improvement in its liveability in the form of employment, health, housing, income, community, public spaces, etc. (Newman, and Kenworthy, 2003, pp. 235-242). The research study by Williams and Haughton (1994) suggested the various roles played by cities towards the process of sustainability and examined the different issues associated with environmental degradation taking place in the urban areas. In today’s world people living in cities surpass the total number of people living in rural areas. There has been a significant rise in the urban population of the world. It has been estimated that the urban dwellers would increase up to around five billion by the end of the year 2030. The most interesting trend related to this rise in urban population is that it is mostly concentrated in the cities of the developing nations of the world. The primary reason behind the growth of urban population is that the urban fertility rate has increased at a greater rate than the urban mortality rate, especially in cases of the mega cities of the world (Renner, 1998). The future prospects of world community are dependent upon the urban sustainability (McGranahan et al., 2001). New risk dimensions along with physical, social and economic dynamics are created through the increasing mobilisation of people, capital, goods and information. This results in the importance of cities for the creating sustainable development. Mega cities are not confined to the aspect of concentration of people only. Resources that are available all over the world are absorbed by the mega cities; this leads to the generation of huge amounts of sewage and waste. It thus uses environment as a sink to dump all its waste. The increasing per capita income of people living in the cities has resulted in the increase of resources consumed and the residues produced as a result of such activities. The data related to evaluation of the resource demands which has been

Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice - Essay Example It may also lead them avoid seeking care for fear of being exposed against their will. This could lead to serious consequences, for instance further injury or even death in certain instances. Secondly, breach of confidentiality could make a patient feel disrespected by the physicians or healthcare providers. The provisions of confidentiality provide for a means for the preservation of the patient’s privacy and autonomy rights. Therefore, breaching of confidentiality is similar to breaching the privacy and autonomy rights of an individual, which is unethical in healthcare. Thirdly, when healthcare providers or physicians enter into a relationship with patients, there must be fidelity that calls for respect for confidentiality that is developed implicitly and as required by the code of ethics that guides medical and healthcare practice for all health care professionals. This means that the healthcare professional has the obligation to keep the patient’s confidentiality to earn his or her trust and be able to provide the needed care for the patient. When healthcare professionals breach confidentiality, they break the trust and fidelity put upon them by the patients and act irresponsibly. This will therefore be unethical. Several ethical principles emphasize on the importance of confidentiality in healthcare provision. These principles include beneficence, Non-malfeasance, autonomy, justice and truthfulness. The principle of beneficence entails the compassion that health professionals should show towards patients. This means that health professionals must desire to do good and an aspect of this is to keep the patient confidentiality, as it is an important factor in patient advocacy. Non-malfeasance is also an important principle in the sense that it stipulates that health professionals should ensure the avoidance of harm as a core of medical oath and nursing ethics. Breaching patient confidentiality equals to malfeasance. The

Economic Change Effect Frauds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Economic Change Effect Frauds - Research Paper Example Workers are lower increasing financial difficulty since their residence discards in merit and their removal funds evaporate. Companies in about all segments are serious expenditures in toting up to dishonest off workers. Addition price have been dipping (North 2002). Self-worth is descending. Anxiety is stirring. The grouping of these conditions might generate a climate grown for misleading action. Even though both judgment and knowledge inform us so as to the risk of fraud could be keen in the current economy, it is almost unfeasible to measure the factual quantity of fraud happening at several known time. The enormous preponderance of fraudsters gets action to hide their crimes. Consequently, several frauds might not at all be trapped. Other strategies might be committed for years previous to they are exposed. In addition to, still amid those that are noticed, a great figure of cases would never be accounted, permitting them to stay concealed from the public eye. Therefore, no prec ise calculation of the height of fraud throughout the contemporary recession could subsist. However, examining the relationship between frauds along with a diluted economy is an important attempt. To obtain a pulsation on how the economy is touching fraud tendencies, the ACFE left to the professionals who are in the ditches hostility fraud on an every day basis. By reviewing anti-fraud experts about their knowledge and explanation, we expect to increase a number of imminent into the association between economic downswings and misleading action (Galbraith 2004). Evaluation The height of fraud has enhanced given that the starting of the economic disaster. We inquired peoples to contrast the stage of fraud they meet up throughout the 12 months previous the review (from near the beginning 2008 throughout early on 2009) to the figure of frauds they have seen or practiced in former years. Through recognizing alterations in the stage of seen deceptive action all through this age, we could collect a wide vision of the connection between the contemporary economic recession as well as executive offense (Galbraith 2004). To assist measure the degree of several seen alter, we subdivided the height of fraud into two metrics: numeral of cases and monetary shock. In addition, 49% seen an enhancement in the dollar sum lost to fraud throughout the similar era. At the same time as it is too quickly to obtain a obvious image of precisely how much fraud has started because the creation of the contemporary economic bend, the facts supplied by review individuals (particularly when joined with the deliberation of how much fraud has not up till now been noticed) offers a first-class sign that fraud is certainly on the mount. The reason of this inquiry is to study the publications on output externalities, with specific focus on the IRS, has evolved on the front lines of the method recounted above. This is significant for some reasons. Returns the first, encompassing the IRS (or in the broader sense, a skidding scale (VRS)) in a general equilibrium form of flawless affray can disclose precious data about the function of the IRS performances in working out worldwide trade to relation to a customary perform of unchanging returns to scale (CRS) - for demonstration, the environment of non-Pareto-optimal set of non-CRS, and its political consequences.  

Why and how is the landscape of childrens services changing What are Essay

Why and how is the landscape of childrens services changing What are the implications of these changes for practitioners who work with children - Essay Example fts in institutional values have also contributed to this change, such as the gendered character of contemporary parenting and the gendered character of childhood, which have corresponding implications in the children’s services (Daniel, e al., 2005). Today’s children’s services argue the importance of using gendered perspective in order to engage adequately with the causes and effects of child maltreatment. This perspective may be analysed as an outcome of the growing gendered character of the household and the workplace, which has characterised modern industrial societies like England. England has designed and implemented its early years’ educational policy in the period of 1997-2004 and presented some innovations in the policy, its evidence base, and delivery of new services. It suggests evidence concerning expansion of services on the benefit of early years education on children’s development (Sylva and Pugh, 2005), a direction which children’s services as pedagogy is leading. Early year’s education in England is claimed to be transformed through integration of education and care at local and national level, the strong focus on families and children in the delivery of services, as well as the introduction of the Foundation Stag Curriculum 3-6 years and its birth-3 years supplement (Sylva and Pugh, 2005). Stone and Rixon (2008) stressed that while child-centred is the key, it is as important to seek the perspective of parents who are left with the child when all the professionals have gone home. Stone and Rixon also emphasised that it is important to recognise the value of families, which serve as one point for change and in which change itself can and should originate from, resonating with the changes in children’s services in England. The focus of change, as Rixon (2008) points out, has been on the challenges for practitioners of these currents, which likewise affect the experiences of children and their families. England launched in 2003 its

Burial at Thebes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Burial at Thebes - Essay Example Heaney’s work followed the same storyline of Sophocles’ work, but in an all new structure and sentences, giving his own interpretations to certain events and decisions of the characters. As Heaney wrote this work in 2003, the year of Iraq War, there is view that he seems to be influenced by the War to come up with his own interpretation of Antigone. â€Å"(He) wrote in 2003, believing that "with the White House and the Pentagon in cahoots, determined to bring the rest of us into line over Iraq, the passion and protest of an Antigone were all of a sudden as vital as oxygen masks". (Spencer 2007). Apart from these reflections, this work and the conflicts between the main characters seems to be relevant to the current times across different culture. As in Sophocles’s Antigone, The Burial at Thebes is about life, fight and death of Antigone and the events surrounding it, with the conflicts between the characters leading to a tragic end. The title of the play in a wa y recalls the punishment meted out to Antigone in the cave of Thebes, where she was buried alive. After her two brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, die in the Thebes’ civil war, both were given contrasting ‘burials’, based on the allegiance. â€Å"The tragedy is multiplied when not only Polyneices is felled in the war, but also Antigone’s other brother, Eteocles, perishes on the opposing side -- Creon’s side. ... Already tainted by her heritage, Antigone wants to give some honour to his dead brother, although he was considered as the traitor of Thebes by the King Creon. This sets the stage for the major conflict between Antigone and her future father-in-law Creon. Antigone has been betrothed to Creon’s son Haemon, and that does not prevent her from fighting for her dead brother. On the other hand, Creon by placing his kingdom and his policies regarding traitors over his soon-to-be daughter-in-law’s dead brother, denies her wish. With both of them not willing to give in from their Stated positions, it leads to further deterioration of their relationship. This conflict between daughter-in-law and father-in-law, although not a common occurrence, happens in cultures all over the world. Stereotypically, mother-in-laws and daughter-in-laws are considered to be ‘sworn enemies’, who both indulge in conflicts quite often, with the father-in-law being the silent spectator. Ho wever, sometimes, conflicts could arise between them and that could come into the public domain, if anyone one of them is a public figure. This has happened in the case of Chairman of the family bench at Worcester Magistrates Court, Richard Westcott, whose daughter-in-law, Sarah complained that he physically assaulted him during a scuffle. Sarah had a fight with her husband and Richard’s son, Edward, when it was alleged that his father-in-law, wanting to protect his son, intervened and physically assaulted her although she had baby in her hand. The court heard she later told police: â€Å"I was hit on my upper body and Daniel was hit on the side. I'm a doctor and I'm worried about Daniel's arm. I was hit at least seven times.† (Dolan 2007). Her complaint against Richard

Televison Audiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Televison Audiences - Essay Example Through exposure to media resources that promote an aligned consumerist pattern of thinking, children are being limited in the directions of philosophical discourse that can be learned. However, not all aspects of media are negative. Much of the research that has been done has focused on the negative, however, thus the general information suggests that media has a negative influence on children, thus changing society towards a detrimentally inferior state. The media effects model of audience research tends towards creating this negative balance between children and the media, however new forms of research, such as the gratification and uses theory, provide for a broader understanding of the influences of the media (Seiter 1999, p. 12). In doing research on children and the effects of media on their socialization, the media effects theory may be enhancing the negative effects without balancing the positive effects in such a way as to more fully understand the phenomenon. Children and Television Television and other easily accessible forms of media are an important part of life in modern society, thus the exposure of children to the messages that are imparted through the media has created a great deal of discussion and research on the topic. Much of that research has focused on the negative aspects. Buckingham (2003, p. 163) relates that children, in most homes, spend more time watching television than any other activity in their schedule. The influences of messages that relate to society that are imparted through literary methods of storytelling create a high impact on the socialization of children through their viewing habits. Buckingham (2003, p. 166) states that research â€Å"regards the relationship between television and children as one of cause and effect: the ’messages’ contained within the medium are assessed in terms of their quantifiable impact on viewers’ attitudes or behavior†. One can argue, however, that this is a limit ed point of view that influences research in a specific direction, assuming that behavior is a determinant of effect, thus providing for a negative regard to the results. Kelley, Buckingham, and Davies (1999, p. 221) created a study that focused on the influence of sexual representations on children, but used discourse analysis to further understand the phenomenon. It might, however, be important to realize that discussing where children get their messages might limit the observations. Although analysis of the linguistics used by children to relate their understandings might be central to understanding their experience, it is important to realize that despite how they frame their experiences, the messages that they receive are more complex, thus the research may only be hearing the easiest course of explanations, rather than flushing out the full extent of how information has been processed. Socialization Influences A primary concern in the study on the influence of media on childre n is that of sex-role socialization. The vulnerability of children to the influences of media have provided for characterizations of sex-roles to be created through messages that inform on how to

School Prayer Essay Example for Free

School Prayer Essay In simple terms, prayer is talking to God or a god. During that conversation, the person praying may use his or her own words or, â€Å"a set order of words,† such as the Lord’s Prayer to speak to God, may â€Å"request or wish† something from a God. The conversation may be vocal or silent. Questions involving school prayer are among the most argumentative questions posed to the courts. This has been the case decades ago and still occurring today. The history of prayer in the public education system is a story of legal rendering. The relationship between religion and government in the United States is governed by the First Amendment of the Constitution, which both prevents the government from establishing religion and protects privately initiated religious expression and activities from government discrimination. The First Amendment establishes certain limits on the conduct of public school officials as it relates to religious activity, including prayer. The First Amendment says, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, [known as the Establishment Clause], or prohibiting the free exercise thereof [known as the Free Exercise Clause],† (U.  S. Constitution) When deciding a case, the court has to balance between favoring a religion and prohibiting it. Landmark Case: Engle vs. Vitale The Supreme Court has many times held that the First Amendment requires public school leaders to be neutral in their treatment of religion. This means not showing favoritism toward any religion but yet not showing any hostile expression towards any religious doings, such as prayer. One of the most famous court cases involving religion and public schools happened in a New York City school district in the 1950s. Each morning before classes started, students would say a twenty-two word prayer that was created by the school board. Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. A few parents objected, saying that this school promoted prayer violated the First Amendment. The New York Supreme Court ruled against the parents, who was represented by Stephen Engle. After taking their claim to a higher court numerous times, the court case Engle v. Vitale (1962), finally made it to the Supreme Court. In 1962 the Supreme Court Judges voted, the vote was 6 to 1, deciding that the twenty-two word prayer was unconstitutional. It was decided that the prayer, â€Å"singled out a particular religious practice contradicting the Establishment Clause of the First Amendement. † (Haas 48) This landmark case is one of the significant case laws used in order to determine neutrality in questions of school prayer. It was decided that teachers and other public school officials may not lead their classes in prayer, devotional readings from the Bible, or other religious activities. Engel v. Vitale, 370 U. S. 421 (1962) Violation of the Establishment Clause: Sante Fe v. Doe While school leaders may not lead their students in prayer, according to 105 ILCS 20/5, Students do have the right to pray at school. They must respect the schools policies, regulations, and rules that are in place regarding any disruption to the educational system. This being said, â€Å"students may read their Bibles during study hall or other non-structured time, may say grace, and may discuss religion with their peers during non-directed free time, such as time spent on the playground, on a school bus, in the hallways, or in the cafeteria. † (Braun 184) This student right and Illinois compiled statute was tested in the case of Sante Fe Independent School District v. Doe. Santa Fe v. Doe centered on the Santa Fe Independent School District policy allowing student-led prayer before football games. Santa Fe Independent School District had a history of student-led prayer. The students were elected by their peers to lead prayer at a school event. An Appellate Court ruling found that the district’s policy was unconstitutional in accordance with the Establishment Clause. The Court stated that the policy was not only an actual endorsement of prayer, but also a perceived endorsement, and, therefore, sent a message to nonbelievers that they were outsiders and that believers were the favored group in the community If the prayer is student lead, driven, and initiated it does not go against the constitution. The Supreme Court ruled saying, â€Å"The delivery of such a message, over the schools public address system, by a speaker representing the student body, under the supervision of the school faculty, and pursuant to a school policy that explicitly and implicitly encourages public prayer is not properly characterized as private speech† (Santa Fe v. Doe, 2000). Moment of Silence for Prayer: Wallace v. Jaffrey? So far a few things have been decided. The first is that any school-sponsored religious practice is prohibited because it is in violation of the Establishment Clause. The second thing is that students do have a right to freely exercise their personal religious practices as long as they do it during non-structured times; but where does the law stand on moments of silence that schools use for personal prayer times? After court cases such as Engle vs. Vitale it was obvious that religion in schools was diminishing. To counter back at these Supreme Court rulings many states started establishing moments of silence at the beginning of each school day as a substitute for the vocal prayer that had been taken away. These moments of silence are permissible as long as they are done for a secular purpose. Wallace v. Jaffrey is the only case that the Supreme Court has heard on a moment of silence in schools. The case contested an Alabama law that established a moment of silence for the purpose of â€Å"meditation or voluntary prayer† (Wallace v. Jaffrey, 1985). The court found that the statue was unconstitutional because it was enacted solely for the purpose of promoting religion in schools. The majority opinion found that any statute establishing a moment of silence that included the word â€Å"prayer† was unconstitutional. 1985 the Supreme Court concluded that Alabama’s silent meditation and prayer statute violated the Establishment Clause. Alexander 217) Explaining how this ruling came to be, an understanding of how our courts can make such a decision is needed first. The Establishment Clause Tests: The Supreme Court uses three tests to determine violations of the Establishment Clause. The tests may be considered singularly or together to determine constitutionality. The court has repeatedly stressed that the Constitution prohibits public schools from teaching children in religion. But it is not always easy to determine exactly what constitutes teaching or school sponsorship of religious acts. To help explain the establishment clause, which is often a question in issues of school prayer, the court uses several tests. The three main tests include the Lemon, coercion, and endorsement test. Lemon Test: The Lemon test gets its name from the 1973 decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman, in which the Court struck down a state program that was giving aid to religious elementary and secondary schools. The Lemon test is a three prong test, each part being just as important as the other two. Using the Lemon test, a court must first determine whether the law or government action in question has a secular purpose. This prong is based on the idea that government should only concern itself in civil matters, leaving religion to the conscience of the individual. Second, a court would ask whether the state action has the primary effect of advancing or inhibiting religion. Finally, the court would consider whether the action excessively entangles religion and government. While religion and government must interact at some points while co-existing in society, the concern here is that they do not so overlap and intertwine that people have difficulty differentiating between the two. Although this test has come under fire from certain Supreme Court Justices, it has never been over turned, and it is still used to guide decisions in courts today. Coercion Test: Some justices propose allowing more government support for religion than the Lemon test allows, their support stands with the coercion test. Justice Kennedy created the coercion test in Lee v. Weisman. The coercion test is used to determine whether or not the government coerced participation in the religious activity. In regard to public schools, it is used to determine whether or not students experienced a coercive effect. Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, 505 U. S. 577 the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, pressure is applied to force or â€Å"coerce† individuals to participate. The Court has defined that the government does not violate the establishment clause unless it, (1) provides direct aid to religion in a way that would tend to establish a state church, or (2) coerces people to support or participate in religion against their will. Even the coercion test is subject to varying interpretations. This was evident and illustrated in Lee v.  Weisman. Endorsement Test: The third test that was proposed by Justice Sandra Day OConnor is the endorsement test. It was used in the 1984 case of Lynch v. Donnelly, asking whether a particular government action amounts to an endorsement of religion, thus violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Its with this test that a government action is invalid if it creates a perception in the mind of a reasonable observer that a religion is being endorsed or disapproved. The endorsement test has been included into the Lemon test. While the endorsement test has been applied in many cases, it has not produced a conclusive answer to the question of constitutionality in all cases. There is a forth test that is sometimes used in establishment-clause decisions, it is the neutrality test. While the Lemon, coercion, and endorsement test are used in matters of expression the neutrality test is mainly used in issues dealing with funding. Making sure the government is giving neutral aid to public and religious schools with no religious promotion. Because of its dealings and ruling in funding matters, the neutrality test is not often used in issues of prayer in public schools. The Wallace case is legally significant for representing the value of neutrality underlying the Establishment Clause. It also showed the significance for the Lemon test as the main test for evaluating the constitutionality of public school involvement in religion. The Court in Wallace showed its position that the Establishment Clause â€Å"‘requires the state to be a neutral in its relations with groups of religious believers and non-believers. ’† (Lofaso 30) The Court then concluded that Alabama’s moment-of-silence statute violated the Establishment Clause because it failed the purpose prong of the Lemon test: â€Å"The legislature enacted . . for the sole purpose of expressing the State’s endorsement of prayer activities for one minute at the beginning of each school day. Does Location of the Prayer Matter? It was almost a half-century ago that the Supreme Court in Engle v. Vitale established that daily prayer in the classroom is unconstitutional. Since then, this thought has grown due to cases where location of the prayer have been put into question. Now the Supreme Court extends their thinking to include, â€Å"any particular form of prayer which is to be used as an official prayer in carrying on any program of governmentally sponsored religious activity. The Supreme Court continued to keep watch even when school prayer moved outside the classroom to a graduation ceremony. In Lee v. Weisman, principals at public schools in Providence, Rhode Island invited clergy to speak at graduations. The principals provided the clergy with guidelines, which essentially boiled down to keeping the prayers nonsectarian. When Principal Lee invited a rabbi to give a prayer at Nathan Bishop Middle School’s graduation, Deborah Weisman and her parents objected. When the Weismans alleged a violation of the Establishment Clause, the school board argued that an event as significant as graduation warranted prayer. The lower courts agreed with the Weismans and the Supreme Court affirmed. The school board argued that graduation was a voluntary event. The Court dismissed this argument, finding graduation to be an important event in a student’s life that must not be forfeited due to different religious beliefs and that the government must not get involved. In 1992 the Court decided that it was unconstitutional for a member of the clergy to deliver an invocation or benediction at a public school graduation, and that in doing so, the school endorsed religion and required students who were non-believers to accept the religious practices. Conclusion: Supreme Court decisions provide insight into the debate against school prayer. Because of the various Court rulings on the school prayer issue, we do have a foundation to base other decisions off of when issues arise with mixing church and state in the public educational system. Students today can not be forced to recite any prayer that has been endorsed by the school, but they may practice a moment of silence during the school day as long as they are not required to use that time for prayer. Students are also free to exercise their religious beliefs. They may read their Bibles during non structured time and pray as long as they are following the rules and regulations regarding school disruption. If at any time the state gets involved, or the activities become school-sponsored then the religious acts are unconstitutional and violate the First Amendment. It is important to remember that the United States exists today because the founders sought to live in a country free from government interference, especially concerning religion. Individuals are free to exercise their beliefs as long as they are not forcing those beliefs unto others.

The Historical Perspective Of Mass Media Laws Media Essay

The Historical Perspective Of Mass Media Laws Media Essay Mass Media laws in subcontinent have a long history and are deeply rooted in the countrys colonial experience under British rule. The earliest regulatory measures can be traced back to 1799 when Lord Wellesley promulgated the Press Regulations, which had the effect of imposing pre-censorship on an infant newspaper publishing industry. The onset of 1835 saw the promulgation of the Press Act, which undid most of, the repressive features of earlier legislations on the subject.   Thereafter on 18th June 1857, the government passed the Gagging Act, which among various other things, introduced compulsory licensing for the owning or running of printing presses; empowered the government to prohibit the publication or circulation of any newspaper, book or other printed material and banned the publication or dissemination of statements or news stories which had a tendency to cause a furore against the government, thereby weakening its authority.   Then followed the Press and Registration of Books Act in 1867. Governor General Lord Lytton promulgated the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 allowing the government to clamp down on the publication of writings deemed seditious and to impose punitive sanctions on printers and publishers who failed to fall in line. In 1908, Lord Minto promulgated the Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908 which authorized local authorities to take action against the editor of any newspaper that published matter deemed to constitute an incitement to rebellion.   Thus, although the freedom of the press is guaranteed as a fundamental right, it is necessary for us to deal with the various laws governing the different areas of media so as to appreciate the vast expanse of media laws. Media laws in Pakistan through different regimes: Political  instability in Pakistan affected the Media tremendously. All branches of media were affected but print media suffered badly. Although, it was declared many times in constitution that freedom of speech and expression would be provided to the media. However, this rule was never truly implemented and many political leaders banned the press during their regime. In the constitution of 1956, an article specifically devoted to freedom of speech was included. The 1956 Constitution lasted less than three years and was abrogated by the imposition of martial law in October 1958. In 1962, with the removal of Martial law a new constitution was enforced which continued the recognition of an initial concept of freedom of expression. But in reality, a military ruler imposed the constitution, which was completely devoid of laws of freedom. However, the strong reaction of press and the public resulted in Constitutional Amendment No. 1 to the 1962 Constitution and in 1963; the Press and Pu blications Ordinance (PPO) came into being. PPO contained the harshest of laws curtailing freedom of expression and the progressive development of the media. But soon in March 1969, General Yahya Khan imposed martial law and relied heavily on one of the measures of this ordinance, the system of press advice given out by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in order to avoid publication of news and reports deemed unsuitable for public consumption. During this period, newspapers and magazines known for their independent and progressive views were taken over by the government. Eventually the National Press Trust, created in 1964, took over these journals and acted as a front to control a section of the press. Promulgation of the Western Pakistan Maintenance of Public Order Ordinance had the aim was to consolidate into one law different provisions for preventive detention of persons and control of persons and publications for reasons connected with the maintenance of public order and refine and reinforce the mechanism of repression. With amendments in 1963 and 1964, this law empowered the government to ban the printing of publications, to enter and search premises, and to prohibit import of newspapers, among other measures. These powers have been used by succeeding governments right up until the government of Musharraf. In 1961, the government also took over the principal news agency of the country, the APP, to get a strong grasp of media, arguing that administrative and economical breakdown justified such a move. Instead of giving permission to private enterprise to improve the quality of the news agency, the government saw this as an opportunity to suppress the news that were supplied to the print media, to radio, and to the outside world. In spite of such repressive times, the press took a bold stand by providing alternative sources of news through an independent press and in this way press started a rebellion against government. During the regime of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a President and Pakistans first civilian Chief, government reacted very strongly to criticism by various members of the press, and to suppress free voices imprisoned editors and publishers on the pretext of national security. The next five years represented the beginnings of democracy; however, they were spoiled by repressive actions toward the press. The new constitution, although formulated on the principles of democracy, human rights, and freedom of speech, failed to serve the purpose. The PPO remained, as did the National Press Trust. Moreover, through compulsion and manipulation, the government insured that the only other news agency in the country (besides the government-owned APP), the Pakistan Press International (PPI), was brought under its authority. In 1977, with the implementation of martial law abuse of journalists became public rather than covert. Journalists were flogged in public at governments notion and until August 1988 mass media gone through a stunning oppression. The only positive fact of this era was the restoration of the news agency PPI to its original shareholders. Since then PPI provides a valuable alternative news source to the government-controlled APP. In December 1985, the new democratic political figure came into power but that relied on the old media laws. A caretaker government provided transition to a full-fledged democracy, which included repealing the press law that had pressurized the media for so long. A new law, known as the Registration of Printing Presses and Publications Ordinance was installed in 1988. A key change in this law was enforced to stop government from intrusion in media. District Magistrate was supposed to issue a receipt to an applicant for the issuance of a declaration for the keeping of a printing press or the publication of a journal to provide the applicant with proof that would help avoid government interference. The most significant change or difference made by press law of 1988 was that governmental influence on media was reduced to a minimum limit and appeals were also now allowed. In addition, newspapers were given freedom and no longer obligated to publish in full the press notes issued by the government authorities. However, as representative bodies of the press wanted to revise the law of 1988 for a variety of reasons, so this press law continued to be re-promulgated as a decree through 1997, even though the Supreme Court ruled such re-promulgation illegal. The November 1988 elections brought with them a new phase of liberalism toward the mass media laws and regulations. During the rule of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, freedom of Expression and thought was uprising. But due to enormous political pressure and stress, media returned to the old, one-sided coverage after only four months. The free press grew stronger during this phase; and exhibited a new spirit in reporting the news and in analyzing the current affairs. Ministry of Information allowed a free and open system of importing newsprint at market prices. In 1990, with the dissolution of Benazir,s government, the new Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, took over and restored the issuance of permits system for news-print import for some unknown reasons. During this phase, government put sensational pressure on independent journalists, using both covert and overt means of revenge. To be honest, media was truly oppressed and tyrannized. In May 2000 Musharrafs regime was strengthened by a unanimous decision by the Supreme Court to validate the October 1999 coup as having been necessary; at the same time the Court announced that the Chief Executive should name a date not later than 90 days before the expiry of the three-year period from In 1999, Musharrafs administration seemed to follow a more open minded policy towards the press with fewer restrictions and much less exploitation. However, some sources reported continued harassment of and dangers to journalists. Mile stones: 1997: Nawaz Sharif overpowered Benazir Bhutto in the elections and activated a two-and-a half year reign of terror against the press. 1999: General Pervez Musharraf brought down Sharif, suspended the constitution, and declared martial law; Press harassment was reported and government agents raid the countrys most influential newspaper, Jang, because it was too critical of the government. 2001: Government introduced legislation to create a Press Council and new press laws. 2002: Journalists supported idea that the freedom of Information Ordinance Act allowed access to public records and details of decisions made by superior courts, armed forces, financial institutions, and intelligence agencies. 2010: Government could not check media outburst due to globalization. Many media officials and experts have now decided to suppress media terrorism by banning the display of bloodshed and massacre. Current situation: Presently, government has failed to check or ban media from spreading information because of intense technological advancements. Now nothing can remain hidden because of vast network of internet. Every person has free excess to the news around the globe. Requirement of media laws: As far as the question that is it necessary to call for media laws? is concerned we can easily say that laws absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of any organization as they help to maintain check and balance. Following arguments prove the significance of media laws: 1) Media sometimes crosses the limits and does more than enough, in order to stop this there should be a check/law. 2) We often hear much about fundamental human rights on media, but by exhibiting violation of these rights media itself violates human rights. That thing also needs to be suppressed. 3) Personal and communal privacy is highly affected by media. No secret remains secret because of media globalization. Some things happen to worth keeping private so to protect privacy law is essential. 4) The owner of the product is responsible that in case the product is provided to be used by somebody else, that this user is in compliance with the above rules and regulations and agrees to not mention, comment, state or otherwise discuss anything about the respective product. A corresponding law may need to govern import restrictions so that ANYTHING, product or service or even visitors to the respective country need to sign when entering the respective country to obey to this law. Media legislative bodies in Pakistan: The Authority or government is responsible for assisting and regulating the establishment and operation of all private broadcast media and distribution services in Pakistan established for the purpose of international, national, provincial, district, and local or special target audiences. Government has made special organizations to deal with media. New legislation has been planned for the formation of Press Council. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority and Ministry of information are two famous lawmaking bodies in this country. CENSORSHIP: Censorship is considered very important in perspective of media. It holds same significance for media as a bridle for a horse. It keeps media in limits. A governmental organization censors anything that is considered morally corrupt. But as an old latin phrase states WHO WILL GUARD THE GUARDS, here comes a point that who will suggest that something is morally crooked? Code of ethics is one thing which will help here. All laws of censorship are meaningless without the code of ethics. Government of Pakistan has tried very hard to implement laws of censorship. But this is crystal clear that Pakistani censor board has awfully failed to do so. The reason definitely is the stark absence of code of ethics. Censorship saturates journalism history in Pakistan; certainly, the blackest censorship period came during General Zias 10-year military regime. Almost all journalists recall that as an era of thorough control. Government used most subtle means of censorship. It specified that whoever contravenes any provision of this regulation shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment which may extend to ten years, and shall be liable to fine or stripes not to exceed twenty-five. Sharif used additional means to ensure press observance. He used intelligence operatives to penetrate newsrooms and press unions and sent many spies doubling as reporters, and journalists moonlighting as government agents, trust became difficult for all. PRESS LAWS: Our freedom depends in large part, on the continuation of a free press, which is the strongest guarantee of a free society.    Richard M. Schmidt-   Constitutional Provisions Guarantees An article in constitution Pakistan provides freedom of speech and fundamental rights, this piece of writing refers especially to press and is given below: Article 19, Freedom of Speech: Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defense of Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, commission of or incitement to an offense. The Constitution ensures the freedom of expression and freedom of the press with reasonable restrictions that may be forced by law. Judiciary holds the responsibility to determine parameters of the permissible freedoms and the extent to which media should be restricted. The judiciary can serve its purpose only if it is independent and free of any political, social and communal pressure. It is a general observation that judiciary accommodates the freedom of expression and information, and wants to fortify the mass media. But government officials and big guns often have great influence on judiciary or to be more precise, we can say that the courts are directly controlled by them. The reason perhaps lies in the fact that the president controls the selection, transfer, and tenure of judges. Especially when any military dictator gets control of government, judiciary bears the burnt of disturbance. The incident that happened in January 2000, when Musharraf required all judges to take an oa th of loyalty to his regime the Supreme Court Justice and five colleagues refused, is the best example of government control on judiciary. The constitution also sketch outs the power of the president to promulgate decrees and to set aside fundamental rights during an emergency period when his own interest comes in question. Musharrafs military coup on October 12, 1999, led to such an annihilation of fundamental rights and violation of laws when he suspended constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive, appointed an eight-member National Security Council to function as the supreme governing body of Pakistan and dissolved both the Senate and the National Assembly. On May 16, 2002, the Minister of Information, along with the Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors and the All Pakistan Newspaper Society, released drafts for the legislation for comment and debate. Newspaper editors also urged that the Freedom of Information Act and the amended Registration of Printing Press and Publication Ordinance be promulgated by the government, along with the Press Council Ordinance. The International Press Institute (IPI) identified major concerns including the desire to create a quasi-judicial body without proper procedures in place to provide fairness and equity. The IPI also expressed reservations about the proposed composition, financing, and the terminology used in describing the ethical code, and made a number of recommendations for improving the draft ordinance. The PFUJ and the APNEC reacted in similar ways to the proposed legislation. In a joint statement issued on the eve of World Press Freedom Day, leaders of the two organizations said they regretted that the Press and Publication Ordinance against which the journalists community had striven for almost two decades had once again been revived and newspapers were being closed down under the same black law. The statement said fresh attempts in the shape of the Press Council were being framed by Musharrafs government to silence the voice of the print media in the country. They said the PFUJ and APNEC had already rejected the idea of setting up the council and that news people were still being subjected to different pressure tactics, including threats to their lives. They demanded that the government repeal more than 16 black laws, including the Press and Publication Ordinance, and to insure implementation of the labor laws by ending exploitation of the working journalists and newspaper worke rs. They also called for enforcing the Freedom of Information Act to ensure easy access to information. The only other press laws in effect while the current proposed press laws are under review are general ones prohibiting publication of obscene material, inciting religious, parochial, or ethnic provocations, and anti-defamation provisions. Foreign Ownership of Domestic Media: Due to continual foreign intervention previous press laws included provisions restricting foreign ownership in the press. The law specified that a non-inhabitant of Pakistan could hold shares in any newspaper only with the approval of the government and only if such chipping in ownership should not be more than 25 percent of the entire proprietary interest. Currently, there is no such information on foreign ownership provisions in the proposed new press laws. Summing up: Pakistans chaotic history, coupled with its ongoing political and economic crises, places the press in the position of informing the citizenry while also providing a check on the powers in office. Since its founding in 1947, Pakistan has suffered three periods of martial law and two military dictatorships, nevertheless the press goes on. The freedoms that insure the existence of the press are contained in Pakistans constitution, which remained suspended in 2002, and yet the press lasts and continues to safeguard those freedoms. Over the years members of the press have been arrested and jailed, have had their offices raided and ransacked, have been publicly flogged, and severely censored, tortured and pained. But the press still persists and has a stronger voice today than ever before. Members of the Pakistan press must work diligently to have their voices heard in the governments attempt to create a Press Council and new press laws. Problems facing the Pakistan press are not new, nor are there any quick fixes to them. Recent arrests of respected Pakistani journalists have spurred concern. Pakistan is dependent upon foreign aid, however, and is thus vulnerable to international pressures, which should help the plight of journalists being abused. In addition, a new generation of female editors who are sensitive to the abuses otherwise ignored by their male counterparts will undoubtedly help journalists and human rights victims. Conclusion:   In this age of media explosion, you cannot simply remain restrained to the boundaries of the traditional media. The media world has expanded its dimensions by encompassing within its orbit, the widening vistas of cyber media etc. The word law with media reminds us of a ferocious horse who has been forced to follow certain predetermined pathways, but as it seems nearly impossible to control the horse so the case of media is just like that. The more you try to organize the horse the more you get in trouble. But here are other ways to overcome the trouble; instead of dealing with the problem by force wed better put it in some sensible hands. It means, wed control media with code of ethics and morals rather than with laws or force.

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism :: American America History

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism Despite the criticism of their reform efforts, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson's commitment to and success in achieving national reform made them successful progressive presidents. There hasn't yet been a presidency that didn't receive criticism, with or without justification. Roosevelt in particular, received a lot of praise and criticism for his successes and failures. Overall, however, both Roosevelt and Wilson acknowledged and were committed to bringing about changes during their presidencies. They were both good presidents for the Progressive Era. President Roosevelt was deeply criticized during his presidency. Robert La Follette, the Republican leader of Progressivism before Roosevelt, was one of Roosevelt's biggest critics. In his Autobiography: A personal narrative of political experiences, he talks about Roosevelt's reform policies, particularly his position on the Anti-Trust Law and his trust strategy in general, and how he didn't solve the problems, but only increased the growth of monopolies and the power of business (Doc E). There were also many political cartoons published which criticized Roosevelt's policies. One in particular pictures Roosevelt singing loudly his Progressive fallacies, with La Follette sulking in the background (Doc G). There was justification to criticize Roosevelt. Although he was infamous for his "square deal," taking on trusts, he busted only about half as many trusts in twice as much time as President Taft later did. The cases he did take on were high profile, and he was noisy about them. Also , he may have only fought trusts because he thought it would be riskier to ignore them. Woodrow Wilson also had policies that were controversial, and the extent of his progressivism can be questioned. Wilson's progressive attitude didn't extent to many areas. For example, he didn't reform the way government corruption occurred. He would even encourage this by giving his friends rewards and punishing his enemies. He operated on a minimal spoils system. He was also quite racist. His reform policies didn't extend to African-Americans. He appointed many Southern racists to his cabinet and was strongly opposed to black suffrage. He considered enfranchisement an evil. Wilson also didn't want to reform social injustices. Offering no support for the ratification a suffrage movement, Wilson preferred state action for women's suffrage. Child labor was another issue he considered a state matter. Reform was something Wilson only considered on certain issues. Despite questions of motive and success, Roosevelt can be considered a successful progressive president and reformer.

The Impact of Nutrition and Sleep Upon the Learning Process Essay examp

The Impact of Nutrition and Sleep Upon the Learning Process The effects of nutrition can begin before birth, with the nutrition of the mother. Under nutrition can result in negative effects of the development of the brain that can become permanent and irreversible. One example is the lack of iron, which is a necessary part of the brain’s tissue. When iron deficiency is present nerve impulses tend to move slower. â€Å"Iron deficiency†¦is associated with behavior changes and delayed psychomotor development† (Nutrition and Cognitive Development, 2001), as well as decrease attention span, irritability, fatigue, and difficultly with concentration. â€Å" Anemia is one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders in the world, affecting nearly one quarter of all low-income children in the United States†(Rosenberg,1998). Iron deficiently anemia effects many young children in our country and has been linked to a child’s ability to learn by influencing attention span and memory. Besides iron, there can be iodine defic iently as well that can occur during the early years of a child. Reduced cognition and achievement in school can be associated with iodine deficiency. Researchers have also proven a decrease in protein intake with in diets can have an effect on achievement scores. Overall, under nutrition can results in a decrease of activity, social interaction, curiosity and cognitive functioning. This is proof of how the prenatal period of a child is the most important. â€Å"Recent evidence indicates that 15 percent of very low birth weight children and nearly 5 percent of low birth weight children require special education, compared to 4.3 percent of children born at normal birth weight†(Children’s Nutrition and Learning, 1994). Infants that are b... ... Thomas. http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/az599.cfm This article provided information about the future and how technology will change the way we look at education. It gave examples of technology that has already changed classrooms. Quendler, Sigrid. (2002). Link between Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Academic Achievement. Vienna University. This article showed the view on how there are many aspects to learning. There are two the article mainly focuses on and that is nutrition and the physical activities that have shaped the young children in what they will become and who they are now. (1993).Nutrition. In The new standard Encyclopedia. (Vol. 12). Indiana: Standard Educational Corporation. The encyclopedia showed the educational view on nutrition and how it has affected students. It described proper eating habits and how to follow them.

Conduit Metaphor :: Conduit Metaphor Essays

Conduit Metaphor The idea of conduit metaphor can be found in the article "Body, Brain, and Communication: An interview with George Lakeoff" by "Iain A. Boal". In this article the person interviewed is George Lakeoff a linguistics professor at University of California (Berkeley). Boal in this article discusses what the conduit metaphor really means and what significance it holds for common people. In this article, other aspect of conduit metaphor that is discussed includes communication on the World Wide Web. Conduit metaphor is a metaphor that describes communication between two mediums. Conduit metaphor proposes that ideas are objects and are transferred via a channel. Although it has its own limitations, it is very important in our society, today. Let us begin by discussing how conduit metaphor's discoverer, Michael Reddy, defined it. According to Reddy "our major metaphor for communication can be derived from a general metaphor for mind in which ideas are considered as objects and thought as manipulation of objects"; memory acts as storage. So, ideas or objects can be retrieved from the memory. Taking this into consideration he came up with the theory of conduit metaphor which he described ideas as objects that can be put into words; language was described by a Reddy as a container, and thus you send ideas in words over a conduit (a channel of communication) to someone else who then extracts the ideas from the words. So, it is implied that understanding of an idea or concept is achieved intuitively in the brain and thus a better conduit leads to a better understanding of what is being said. Lots of examples can be found from our dialect, which are in accordance with this conduit metaphor theory. E.g. "Did you get it", "The professor stuffed our heads with so many things today", "It went right over my head"etc. are all examples that imply that something (an idea) was being sent out and the listener had to grab it. One thing that comes as an immediate result of conduit metaphor is that ideas can be extracted, and that it is possible for them to exist independently of people. This implies that meaning is a thing. This may seem like a very provocative idea to a common naive person. But it is true only in certain special circumstances and fails to work in certain cases. Let's take an example. I emigrated from India to U.

Life and Works of Rizal Essay

He continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, Spain, where he earned the degree of Licientiate in Medicine. He also attended the University of Paris in France and earned second doctorate at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Having travelled the world extensively, Rizal became conversant in at least twenty-two languages. He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These works fearlessly exposed the injustices committed by the Spanish civil and clerical officials in the Philippines amd spurred the militancy of armed revolutionaries and reformist against more than 300 years of Spanish rule. Rizal was proponent of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than violence revolution. But he was associated with the growing insurgency movement and declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities particularly because of the publication of his novels. He was deported to Dapitan in Zamboanga then incarcerated at Fort Santiago. When the Katipunan exploded into the full-blown revolution, the authorities were quick to incriminate him. After a mock trial, Rizal was convicted and sentence to die by firing squad at Bagubayan on December 30, 1896. Eventually, his martyred death proved to be the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine revolution and the downfall of the Spanish colonial rule.

Hamlet Essay

Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy shaped the work of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Both are revenge tragedies that include the mystery of death. Behind the mystery, there is a spirit of the dead who appears before the protagonists, Hieronimo and Hamlet, to cry out for revenge. In The Spanish Tragedy and Hamlet, soliloquy plays an important role. It is often used to express the true feelings of the main characters. In both tragedies, the protagonists use soliloquy to demonstrate a central dilemma that slows the main character’s process of vengeance. The dilemma is that it is sinful to commit a murder, but it is also unfair to keep the criminal alive. Their soliloquies show their desire to commit suicide to escape from the dilemma. Another obvious dilemma is that suicide is a sin as well. Thus, the question is whether to live to satisfy the ghost and be damned, or to kill oneself and be damned. Realizing revenge as the better choice of the two, both mad geniuses decide to seek revenge at last. Soliloquies also display the character’s madness. It is their uncertainty, their attempt to reveal the truth, and their mind persistently seeking for reason that drives the avengers to some extent of madness; however, they are not completely insane. Their madness only acts as a disguise so they seem harmless. Both Hieronimo and Hamlet are deceitful. They stay close to the murderers as a mad person grieving for the death of their loved ones, then they act to their plan when it is least expected. The two avengers succeed in the revenge. Of course, the heroes, along with many other characters in the play, die at the end.

Public Policy and Section Assessment

Chapter 9 Section 1 p. 240 Section Assessment 1-4 1. What is a public policy? A public policy is a goal a government creates and accomplishes them. 2. List and describe the three main ideas in which political parties and interest groups differ. Political parties focus on nominations, on their goals and on their interests. Interest groups may favor a candidate, but the political party is in charge of the nominations. The political party is more concerned about the person who will be in charge of the government rather than the policies the government will create. . (a) How do interest groups stimulate interest in public affairs? They promote policies they favor and oppose those they fear as threats to their concerns. (b) Name at least three additional functions of interest groups. They unite with other people around the country to promote their concern. They provide detailed information to the government to address their concerns. They act as check-and-balances for the political proces s. 4. On what bases are interest groups often criticized? Some interest schools do not represent all the views they claim to speak.They can also use tactics to undermine the political system. They may also not represent all the people they claim to represent. Chapter 9 Section 2 p. 247 Section Assessment 2-4 2. (a) What are the four major types of economically based interest groups? Business, Labor, Agricultural, and Professional (b) List an example of a major type. A major type of organization is the American Medical Association, which focuses on the concerns of doctors. (c) How does a trade association differ from a labor union?A trade association is an interest group for business, while labor unions are interest group for workers that work in the same industry. Chapter 9 Section 3 p. 254 Section Assessment 1-4, & p. 257 1. For what three reasons do interest groups reach out to the public? They reach out to the public to share information that is necessary for the people to know. Also, they reach out to the public to impose a positive image on their interest group. Finally, they do so to encourage a public policy to be passed. 2. (a) Why do interest groups use propaganda?They use propaganda to influence the behavior and belief of people. (b) Identify at least three major propaganda techniques. They use bandwagon, which is when people are encouraged to take an action because everyone else is doing so. The plain-folks approach is where people must follow an action because it pretends to be one of the common people. Finally, the name-calling is where the opposing policy by calling negative nicknames to them to influence the views of people towards them. 3. (a) Why do interest groups try to influence political parties?Interest groups influence political parties in order to gain support for the passing of their public policies when the candidate of a political party holds office in the government. (b) What is a single-interest group? This group focuses on one par ticular issue and creates public policies concerning it. 4. How is lobbying used to influence public policy? Lobbying is used to influence public policy by pressuring legislators to bear aspects of the public policy-making process. Analyzing Political Cartoons 28 & 29 28. (a) What does the building in the cartoon represent?The building represent the government and the public policies made for the people. (b) What is the source of the words on the building? All the citizens of the United States have the right to represent themselves in the government. 29. What is the cartoon saying about the influence of special-interest groups on the political process? Interest groups have a great impact on the government’s public policies. Only those who are great in numbers can cause an influence in the government. Individuals must form into interest-groups in order to have a voice in the government.

Causes of Suicide Among College Students

Suicide means an individual intentionally to adopt various means to end his life. It has been the second leading cause of death among college students (Caruso, n. d. ). The problem is getting serious in developing country such as Hong Kong and the ways to suicide had transformed to a mass suicide attempt on December 21, 2009 (Mak, 2011). These rising issues are telling us that suicide had becoming one of the most crucial matter that need to be resolve before it affect our future leader. So, we will review based on the past research for the alcohol and family relationship factors that contribute to suicide among college students. One of the factors that contribute to suicide among college student is alcohol consuming. Several past researches have been found to support this factor. An early study by Lamis, Ellis, Chumney and Dula (2009) claimed that many college students are experiencing heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol use are correlated with suicidal behaviour. This study is to check different levels of risk for alcohol-related problems and their relation to reasons for living among college students (Lamis et al. , 2009). 287 participants were recruited and divided into three alcohol groups, that are low-risk, moderate-risk and high-risk group (Lamis et al. , 2009). The hypothesis was made that participants in the high-risk group will report fewest reasons for living (Lamis et al. , 2009). RFL self-report measure was used to check how important a reason would be for living on participants. Besides that, AUDIT test also used to identify individuals whose experiencing alcohol-related problems (Lamis et al. , 2009). As the result, the high-risk group had fewer moral objections to dying by suicide compared to the low-risk group (Lamis et al. , 2009). From the experiment, we can see that obsessive alcohol use may lower student moral objections to suicide (Lamis et al. , 2009). Another experiment conducted by Lamis, Malone, Langhinrichsen-Rohling and Ellis (2009) stated that alcohol consuming will increase the risk for engaging in suicidal behaviours. This factor is strengthen when Powell and colleagues (2001), as cited in Lamis et al. 2009) found out that high alcohol drinking quantity will creates a greater likelihood of a serious suicide attempt. 318 participants were recruited and few measuring scale was used to predict the result for this experiment. The result tells that depression is predictor of alcohol use in young adults. Besides that, alcohol use are negatively correlated with body protection and the results suggests that individuals who are potentially involve in high-risk behaviours, such as suicide are usually from the one who have less tendency to protect themselves (Lamis et al. , 2010). Reference http://www.suicide.org/college-student-suicide.html

Community Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community Service - Essay Example It depends upon the location and the community as well as its needs. Mostly, service includes assistance towards vulnerable and disadvantaged members of the society in their betterment. Today, community service is undertaken by almost any member of any society and not just by offenders; philanthropists, businessmen as well as students alike have the leverage to give back whatever they can and help society in their own ways. The main objectives in conducting this review was to find out the history of community service and how it helps people to reform and bring about a change in their lives, and also whether or not the same is even possible. It was found through research that many people have found it therapeutic to engage in service towards others and thus have been able to grow and learn a great deal from the entire experience. People engage in community service to introspect within their own selves as well as meet new people and help the vulnerable and weak sections of the society that we live in. This enables them to not only gain a feel good factor but also helps in bringing a smile to someone else’s face. The research conducted was doctrinal in nature. The main process for finding information regarding this review was my dependence on electronic material. ... I have also engaged in talking to people and thus collecting first hand data regarding their experiences of participating in community service. My own experience has also provided for a paragraph of information in the main article. The main guidelines that I abided by were to look over the objectives of an individual engaging in community service and why he would do so. Moreover, I looked into the background as well as looked up information regarding corporate social responsibility as a part of service towards the community by big industries and companies. The parameters and requirements that I had in mind while conducting research was to include only relevant information – especially that which is first hand in nature because experiences account for the best information regarding answers to questions based on whether or not engaging in service actually helps a person, which has been the fundamental question of an individual being a part of the community and giving back to oth ers. I selected the sources that I have because of their credibility of information and eliminated the others because I did not find them relevant enough to discuss or read. Many articles have general information about community service, however my requirements were specific to reform within an individual and how the servitude is not meant for only those that have wronged the law. Interview 1. Why is it important to have a society with community service? Community service enables people to work for society and helps them in contributing and giving back. Since it first originated for the purpose of carrying on social service on part of offenders of the law, it acted as a punitive measure to provide the offender with a chance to give back to society as well as introspect

Second most income for saudi arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Second most income for saudi arabia - Essay Example The country’s stability in both its religious and economic status makes it one of the most prestigious Islamic States. Saudi Arabia’s strict adherence to Sharia Law and religious rituals has made the country a significant religious center in the world. The country is largely occupied by the Sunni Muslims, who account for more than a third of the total population in Saudi Arabia. This essay will cover the impact of the two pilgrimages, Hajj and Umrah in Saudi Arabia’s economy while also citing the respective countries that attend these pilgrimages. The Hajj and Umrah are important rituals in the Islam religion; the practices are conducted for religious dedications as well as acts of solidarity among the Muslims in the entire world. For instance, the Hajj pilgrimage is attributed to the great prophet Muhammad, which dates back to the seventh century. Although Umrah is optional unlike Hajj Muslim turn in great numbers to mark the practice, which is symbolic of their Islamic faith. The Hajj is a requirement for all Muslims at some point of their lives as long as they are financially and physically able. The continuous practice of these two pilgrimages over the years have not only improved Saudi Arabia’s economy but also strengthened the Islamic faith among Muslims worldwide. Millions of Muslim visitors who go to perform the annual Hajj and Umrah spend billions of dollars in Mecca. Al-Monitor states that the revenues generated from Hajj and Umrah in 2012 were about 62 billion riyals, which were a 10% increment compared to the previous year. The reports also indicate that out of the three million pilgrims who attended the Hajj ritual in 2012, 1.7 million were foreign visitors. The pilgrims were organized according their nationalities, out of the 189 different countries that the pilgrims had come from. According to Al-Monitor, the expert sources that provided the estimate statistics also indicated

Mandatory Sentencing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Mandatory Sentencing - Research Paper Example The paper tells that crime does not pay. We can seldom argue with this premise, and the need to inculcate this idea among the local populace of our cities and towns. However there is also a fear that in our zest to single out and punish those who are guilty of crimes against society and humanity, we are creating situations where too many people are behind bars. Indeed the rate of incarcerations in the USA is one of the highest in the world, which is shameful for a country that considers itself the world’s foremost superpower and protector of human rights. Mandatory sentencing has been cited as one of the reasons behind the overpopulation in our prisons, creating situations where crime is further exacerbated by the formation of gangs, hardcore and small time criminals being grouped together, and the fact that some criminals are in need of medical attention rather than a life of incarceration that does not remedy their particular situation or suit their particular needs. Mandato ry sentencing is a form of judicial punishment in which the terms and duration of the punishment have already been set in Law depending on the crimes committed and the charges filed and proven against the accused law breaker. This being the case, there is usually no or little room for a judge to intervene and set his own ruling depending on the individual circumstances of the case. Originally the need for mandatory sentencing was seen in cases of drug dealing and related offences. But later the effect of mandatory sentencing minimums was extended to gun related crimes as well, as they initially proved an effective deterrent to crime. However as we shall see much of the initial laws have been repealed and the sentencing reduced on humanitarian grounds. Even today, the debate rages on as to whether mandatory minimums still have a place and effect in law or not. There is much to support both points of view, as we shall see. The History and Uses of Mandatory Sentencing In the USA it was the 1951 Boggs Act that started the Federal mandatory minimum penalties for drug trafficking. The length of some of these sentences was then increased in 1956. However the comprehensive reforms of the 1970 Drug Abuse and Control Act repealed the earlier Boggs Acts. This was followed by the enactment of the Rockefeller Drug Laws in 1973 which helped establish minimum 15 year and life sentences for various kinds of drug offences. Obviously the intent would have been to get the offenders off the streets for a considerable amount of time and in doing so make it safer for the targeted population. Laws such as Michigan’s 650 Lifer Law took a much harder stance on drug offences and established a minimum of life imprisonment without possibility of parole for possession and dealing with 650 grams of drugs such as cocaine and heroin- it also increased the penalties for smaller offences. In 1984, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act resulted in the creation of a U.S Sentencing Commissio n. It also phased out parole and set mandatory sentences for gun related crimes. Two years later, in 1986 the Anti-Drug Abuse Act creates new federal minimum mandatory sentences for drug related offences. One year later, in 1987 the US Sentencing Commission enacted some guidelines to help the Courts in convicting and sentencing all federal drug related offences. In 1988, the Omnibus Drug Abuse Act not only added a mandatory minimum penalty for the possession of crack but also included conspiracy convictions in the mandatory penalty scheme. This has had little positive effects on the system since ruthless drug dealers do not care who they choose to carry out their dirty schemes to transport drugs across borders and it could often be an unwary traveler that has been trapped for no fault of his own except